Aplicaciones de aprendizaje automático para la planificación y programación de operaciones portuarias marítimas
Número
Sección
Publicado
31-07-2026
Resumen
El aumento del comercio contenerizado ha intensificado la necesidad de una asignación eficiente de recursos en las operaciones portuarias, especialmente en los problemas de asignación de atraques (Berth Allocation Problem, BAP), asignación de grúas de muelle (Quay Crane Assignment Problem, QCAP) y programación de grúas de muelle (Quay Crane Scheduling Problem, QCSP). Aunque tradicionalmente se han utilizado enfoques basados en programación matemática y metaheurísticas para resolver estos problemas, su escalabilidad y adaptabilidad siguen siendo limitadas. Los avances recientes en aprendizaje automático (Machine Learning, ML) ofrecen nuevas posibilidades de optimización. Este artículo realiza una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre enfoques que aplican técnicas de aprendizaje automático a las operaciones portuarias en el lado marítimo (BAP, QCAP, QCSP y sus variantes integradas). Quedan fuera del alcance de esta revisión operaciones como la planificación del transporte en el muelle, las actividades del lado terrestre o las operaciones de patio. La revisión se llevó a cabo siguiendo las directrices PRISMA y se basó en publicaciones indexadas en Scopus y Web of Science. Los trabajos seleccionados se analizan y clasifican en nueve dimensiones. Los resultados muestran un claro predominio de la optimización económica, siendo el BAP el problema abordado con mayor frecuencia. Los estudios iniciales aplicaban principalmente técnicas de regresión y enfoques predictivos. Por su parte, las investigaciones más recientes han evolucionado hacia el aprendizaje profundo por refuerzo y soluciones prescriptivas, abriendo nuevas oportunidades para unas operaciones portuarias más sostenibles y adaptativas. Finalmente, se identifican las principales tendencias y oportunidades en la aplicación del aprendizaje automático a las operaciones portuarias.Palabras clave:
asignación de atraques, asignación de grúas de muelle, programación de grúas de muelle, inteligencia artificial
Agencias de apoyo
- This work has been partially developed in the framework of the TALON project funded by the European Union’s Horizon program under grant agreement No 101070181. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the EU, which is not responsible.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Maria Boluda-Prieto, Ana Esteso, M. M. E. Alemany, Angel Ortiz
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Esta obra se encuentra bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.